Women of the sea, body-territories and nature in Llico, Biobío Region
PDF (Spanish)

Keywords

Body–territories
gender
women of the sea
nature
marine–coastal space

Abstract

This article analyzes the situated experiences of women of the sea in marine–coastal spaces, focusing on how gender, body–territories, and nature are articulated in contexts of environmental crisis. Drawing on gender perspectives and political ecology, the study problematizes the historical invisibilization of women within coastal economies and sustainability debates. Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative approach through a case study conducted in the cove of Llico, Biobío Region, which includes in-depth interviews, participant observation, and the use of photo-elicitation techniques. The findings show that women’s everyday practices, embodied knowledge, and affective relationships with the marine–coastal environment constitute a central dimension in the reproduction of coastal life and in the configuration of alternative ecological relations. Furthermore, these experiences make it possible to understand nature not only as an ecological domain, but as a lived and relational practice, produced through the interplay of reproductive labor, local knowledge, and territorial care. The article contributes to territorial studies and feminist political ecology by making visible the structural role of women connected to the sea in environmental sustainability and by questioning the gendered and epistemic hierarchies present in marine–coastal spaces.

PDF (Spanish)

References

Agarwal, B. (2018). Gender equality, food security and the sustainable development goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 34, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.07.002.

Ahmed, T., Précoma-de La Mora, M., Pellowe, K. E., & Lindkvist, E. A. L. (2025). Mobile apps increase the visibility of women’s work contributions in Mexican small-scale fisheries. Ecology and Society, 30(4), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-16531-300416.

Álvarez, C. (2020). No queremos ser pesca acompañante, sino pesca objetivo: Interfaces socioestatales sobre enfoque de género en la pesca artesanal en Chile. Runa, 41(2), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.34096/runa.v41i2.8691.

Álvarez, C. (2022). Breve aproximación a las barreras de género en la pesca artesanal en Chile. Tekoporá, 3(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36225/tekopora.v3i2.138.

Álvarez, C., Stuardo, G., Collao, D., & Gajardo, C. (2017). La visualización femenina en la pesca artesanal: Transformaciones culturales en el sur de Chile. Polis, 16(46), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-65682017000100175.

Bauhardt, C., & Harcourt, W. (2019). Feminist political ecology and the economics of care: In search of economic alternatives. Routledge.

Bennett, N. J., Blythe, J., White, C. S., & Campero, C. (2021). Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy. Marine Policy, 125, Article 104387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104387

Bhattacharya, T. (2017). Social reproduction theory: Remapping class, recentering oppression. Pluto Press.

Bradshaw, S., & Fordham, M. (2013). Women, girls and disasters: A review for DFID. Department for International Development.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.

Bugueño-Fuentes, Z. (2022). El mar interior de Chiloé y la expresión espacial de la neoliberalización del mar en Chile. AUS, 31, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.4206/aus.2022.n31-04.

Bustos, B., Prieto, M., & Barton, J. (2015). Ecología política en Chile: Naturaleza, propiedad, conocimiento y poder. Editorial Universitaria.

Butler, J. (2007). El género en disputa: El feminismo y la subversión de la identidad. Paidós.

Castree, N., Hulme, M., Mahony, M., McLaren, D., Turnhout, E., & Wynne, B. (2021). Environmental expertise and the politics of knowledge in times of crisis. Environmental Science & Policy, 122, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.05.020

Chambon, M., Frangoudes, K., & Gerrard, S. (2023). A synthesis of women’s participation in small-scale fisheries management: Why women’s voices matter. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 33, 1209–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-023-09795-8.

Church, S., & Quilter, J. (2021). Consideration of methodological issues when using photo-elicitation in qualitative research. Nurse Researcher, 29(2), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2021.e1729.

Collins, P. H. (2024). Lethal intersections: Race, gender, and violence. Polity Press.

Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2021). Interseccionalidad (2.ª ed.). Morata.

Connell, R., & Pearse, R. (2021). Gender: In world perspective (4th ed.). Polity Press.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167.

De la Cadena, M. (2015). Earth beings: Ecologies of practice across Andean worlds. Duke University Press.

Denzin, N. K. (2021). The qualitative manifesto: A call to arms (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Elmhirst, R. (2021). Feminist political ecology. In T. Perreault, G. Bridge, & J. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of political ecology (2nd ed., pp. 519–530). Routledge.

Enarson, E., Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2018). Gender and disaster: Foundations and new directions for research and practice. In H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, & J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (2nd ed.). Springer.

Escobar, A. (2018). Designs for the pluriverse: Radical interdependence, autonomy, and the making of worlds. Duke University Press.

Escobar, A. (2020). Pluriversal politics: The real and the possible. Duke University Press.

Espinosa Miñoso, Y. (2022). De por qué es necesario un feminismo descolonial. Icaria Editorial.

FAO. (2023). The status of women in agrifood systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en.

Federici, S. (2015). Calibán y la bruja: Mujeres, cuerpo y acumulación originaria. Tinta Limón.

Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Lepofsky, D., Lertzman, K., Armstrong, C. G., Brondizio, E. S., Gavin, M. C., Lyver, P. O. B., Nicholas, G. P., Pascua, P., Reo, N. J., Reyes-García, V., Turner, N. J., Yletyinen, J., Anderson, E. N., Balée, W., Cariño, J., David-Chavez, D. M., Dunn, C. P., Garnett, S. C., Vaughan, M. B. (2021). Scientists’ warning to humanity on threats to Indigenous and local knowledge systems. Journal of Ethnobiology, 41(2), 144–169. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.144.

Flick, U. (2022). An introduction to qualitative research (7th ed.). SAGE.

Frangoudes, K., & Gerrard, S. (2019). Gender perspective in fisheries: Examples from the South and the North. In S. Jentoft & R. Chuenpagdee (Eds.), Transdisciplinarity for small-scale fisheries governance (MARE Publication Series, Vol. 21, pp. 241–256). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94938-3_13.

Gago, V. (2019). La potencia feminista: O el deseo de cambiarlo todo. Tinta Limón.

González-Rojas, V., Yáñez Mena, I., Álvarez Burgos, M. C., Lizana-Rivera, G., Guerrero Valdebenito, R. M., & Álvarez Burgos, L. (2025). ¿Cómo pensar el maritorio y la pesca artesanal con enfoque de género? Reflexiones para una propuesta metodológica desde el concepto de área geocultural. En F. Ther Ríos & V. Sousa (Eds.), Maritorios y acuatorios latinoamericanos y caribeños: Perspectivas socioculturales e históricas (pp. 57–84). Ediciones Universidad Autónoma de Chile.

Haesbaert, R. (2020). Del cuerpo-territorio al territorio-cuerpo (de la Tierra): Contribuciones decoloniales. Cultura y Representaciones Sociales, 15(29), 267–301.

IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.

Jenkins, K. (2014). Women, mining and development: An emerging research agenda. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.08.004.

Kelman, I. (2020). Disaster by choice: How our actions turn natural hazards into catastrophes. Oxford University Press.

Kleiber, D., Harris, L. M., & Vincent, A. C. J. (2015). Gender and small-scale fisheries: A case for counting women and beyond. Fish and Fisheries, 16(4), 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12075.

Kothari, A., Salleh, A., Escobar, A., Demaria, F., & Acosta, A. (2019). Pluriverse: A post-development dictionary. Tulika Books.

Lazo-Corvalán, A., Ther-Ríos, F., Solsona-Cisternas, D., & Álvarez, R. (2025). “Cosechar la marea”: Experiencias de mujeres recolectoras de orilla en islas menores del sur-austral de Chile. Diálogo Andino, 76, 27–42. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0719-26812025000100027.

Leff, E. (2014). La apuesta por la vida: Imaginación sociológica e imaginarios sociales en los territorios ambientales del sur. Siglo XXI.

Lincoln, Y. S. (2021). The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (6th ed., pp. 1–26). SAGE.

Lugones, M. (2008). Colonialidad y género. Tabula Rasa, 9, 73–101.

Mezzadri, A. (2022). Social reproduction and pandemic neoliberalism. Organization, 29(3), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084221074042.

Miranda, D., Campos, K., Juzam, L., Tironi, M., Valdivieso, S., Carraro, V., & Palma, K. (2021). Gestión del riesgo de desastres desde una perspectiva de género interseccional (Serie Policy Papers CIGIDEN). CIGIDEN.

Moore, J. W. (2020). El capitalismo en la trama de la vida: Ecología y acumulación de capital. Traficantes de Sueños.

Morton, T. (2007). Ecology without nature: Rethinking environmental aesthetics. Harvard University Press.

Nightingale, A. J. (2019). Environment and sustainability in a globalizing world. Routledge.

Pink, S. (2021). Doing visual ethnography (4th ed.). SAGE.

Pombo, G. (2021). Perspectivas feministas interseccionales: Pregnancias, cancelaciones y potencialidades articulatorias. Debate Público. Reflexión de Trabajo Social, 11(22), 47–61.

Rodin, P. (2021). Interseccionalidade em uma zona de sacrifício do capital: A experiência de mulheres negras, quilombolas e marisqueiras da Ilha de Maré, baía de Todos os Santos (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, 23, e202133pt. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.rbeur.202133pt.

Saavedra Gallo, G., & Navarro, M. (2021). La habilitación en el espacio pesquero-artesanal chileno: Persistencias y variaciones estructurales de la intermediación económica. Chungará, 53(3), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-73562021000300544.

Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE.

Santos, B. de S. (2022). El fin del imperio cognitivo: La afirmación de las epistemologías del Sur. Trotta.

Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52, 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8.

Segato, R. L. (2020). Las estructuras elementales de la violencia: Ensayos sobre género entre la antropología, el psicoanálisis y los derechos humanos. Prometeo.

Smith, N. (2020). Desarrollo desigual: Naturaleza, capital y la producción del espacio. Traficantes de Sueños.

Svampa, M., & Viale, E. (2021). El colapso ecológico ya llegó: Una brújula para salir del maldesarrollo. Siglo XXI.

Tracy, S. J. (2020). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed.). Wiley.

Tsing, A. L. (2021). La seta del fin del mundo: Sobre la posibilidad de vida en las ruinas capitalistas. Capitán Swing.

Ulloa, A. (2016). Feminismos territoriales en América Latina: Defensas de la vida frente a los extractivismos. Nómadas, 45, 123–139.

UN Women. (2023). Feminist climate justice: A framework for action. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.

Undurraga, R., & Basualto, C. (2025). Madres del mar: Maternar y cuidar en las caletas pesqueras. Revista Punto Género, 24, 176–211. https://doi.org/10.5354/2735-7473.2025.82613.

Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE.

Zaragocin, S., & Caretta, M. A. (2021). Cuerpo-territorio: A decolonial feminist geographical method for the study of embodiment. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 111(5), 1503–1518. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1812370.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2026 Paulo Contreras, Camilo Veas Carvacho, Hernán Silva